Part One Conservation Essays

Introduction

One Diverse Phenomena Influencing Amphibian Population Declines

Two Why Are Some Species in Decline but Others Not?

Three Philosophy, Value Judgments, and Declining Amphibians

Four Embracing Human Diversity in Conservation

Five Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force

Declines

Six Meeting the Challenge of Amphibian Declines with an Interdisciplinary Research Program

Seven Biology of Amphibian Declines

Eight Declines of Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Plethodon)

Nine Decline of Northern Cricket Frogs (Acris crepitans)

Ten Overwintering in Northern Cricket Frogs (Acris crepitans)

Causes

Eleven Repercussions of Global Change

Twelve Lessons from Europe

Thirteen Risk Factors and Declines in Northern Cricket Frogs (Acris crepitans)

Fourteen Ultraviolet Radiation

Fifteen Xenobiotics

Sixteen Variation in Pesticide Tolerance

Seventeen Lucké Renal Adenocarcinoma

Eighteen Malformed Frogs in Minnesota: History and Interspecific Differences

Nineteen Parasites of North American Frogs

Twenty Parasite Infection and Limb Malformations: A Growing Problem in Amphibian Conservation

Twenty-One Pine Silviculture

Twenty-Two Commercial Trade

Conservation

Twenty-Three Houston Toads and Texas Politics

Twenty-Four Amphibian Conservation Needs

Twenty-Five Amphibian Population Cycles and Long-Term Data Sets

Twenty-Six Landscape Ecology

Twenty-Seven Conservation of Texas Spring and Cave Salamanders (Eurycea)

Twenty-Eight Lessons from the Tropics

Twenty-Nine Taxonomy and Amphibian Declines

Thirty Conservation Systematics: The Bufo boreas Species Group

Thirty-One Factors Limiting the Recovery of Boreal Toads (Bufo b. boreas)

Thirty-Two Southwestern Desert Bufonids

Thirty-Three Amphibian Ecotoxicology

Thirty-Four Museum Collections

Thirty-Five Critical Areas

Thirty-Six Creating Habitat Reserves for Migratory Salamanders

Thirty-Seven Population Manipulations

Thirty-Eight Exotic Species

Thirty-Nine Protecting Amphibians While Restoring Fish Populations

Forty Reflections Upon Amphibian Conservation

Surveys and Monitoring

Forty-One Distribution of South Dakota Anurans

Forty-Two Nebraska’s Declining Amphibians

Forty-Three Museum Collections Can Assess Population Trends

Forty-Four Monitoring Salamander Populations in Great Smoky Mountains National Park

Forty-Five North American Amphibian Monitoring Program (NAAMP)

Forty-Six Evaluating Calling Surveys

Forty-Seven Geographical Information Systems and Survey Designs

Forty-Eight Impacts of Forest Management on Amphibians

Forty-Nine Monitoring Pigment Pattern Morphs of Northern Leopard Frogs

Education

Fifty The National Amphibian Conservation Center

Fifty-One A Thousand Friends of Frogs: Its Origins

A Perspective

Fifty-Two Of Men and Deformed Frogs: A Journalist’s Lament

Part Two Species Accounts

Introduction

Anura

Caudata

EPILOGUE: Factors Implicated in Amphibian Population Declines in the United States

Conclusion