- Title Pages
- Dedication
- Acknowledgments
- Advisory Board
- Contributors
- Preface
- One Diverse Phenomena Influencing Amphibian Population Declines
- Two Why Are Some Species in Decline but Others Not?
- Three Philosophy, Value Judgments, and Declining Amphibians
- Four Embracing Human Diversity in Conservation
- Five Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force
- Six Meeting the Challenge of Amphibian Declines with an Interdisciplinary Research Program
- Seven Biology of Amphibian Declines
- Eight Declines of Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (<i>Plethodon</i>)
- Nine Decline of Northern Cricket Frogs (<i>Acris crepitans</i>)
- Ten Overwintering in Northern Cricket Frogs (<i>Acris crepitans</i>)
- Eleven Repercussions of Global Change
- Twelve Lessons from Europe
- Thirteen Risk Factors and Declines in Northern Cricket Frogs (<i>Acris crepitans</i>)
- Fourteen Ultraviolet Radiation
- Fifteen Xenobiotics
- Sixteen Variation in Pesticide Tolerance
- Seventeen Lucké Renal Adenocarcinoma
- Eighteen Malformed Frogs in Minnesota: History and Interspecific Differences
- Nineteen Parasites of North American Frogs
- Twenty Parasite Infection and Limb Malformations: A Growing Problem in Amphibian Conservation
- Twenty-One Pine Silviculture
- Twenty-Two Commercial Trade
- Twenty-Three Houston Toads and Texas Politics
- Twenty-Four Amphibian Conservation Needs
- Twenty-Five Amphibian Population Cycles and Long-Term Data Sets
- Twenty-Six Landscape Ecology
- Twenty-Seven Conservation of Texas Spring and Cave Salamanders (<i>Eurycea</i>)
- Twenty-Eight Lessons from the Tropics
- Twenty-Nine Taxonomy and Amphibian Declines
- Thirty Conservation Systematics: The <i>Bufo boreas</i> Species Group
- Thirty-One Factors Limiting the Recovery of Boreal Toads (<i>Bufo b. boreas</i>)
- Thirty-Two Southwestern Desert Bufonids
- Thirty-Three Amphibian Ecotoxicology
- Thirty-Four Museum Collections
- Thirty-Five Critical Areas
- Thirty-Six Creating Habitat Reserves for Migratory Salamanders
- Thirty-Seven Population Manipulations
- Thirty-Eight Exotic Species
- Thirty-Nine Protecting Amphibians While Restoring Fish Populations
- Forty Reflections Upon Amphibian Conservation
- Forty-One Distribution of South Dakota Anurans
- Forty-Two Nebraska’s Declining Amphibians
- Forty-Three Museum Collections Can Assess Population Trends
- Forty-Four Monitoring Salamander Populations in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
- Forty-Five North American Amphibian Monitoring Program (NAAMP)
- Forty-Six Evaluating Calling Surveys
- Forty-Seven Geographical Information Systems and Survey Designs
- Forty-Eight Impacts of Forest Management on Amphibians
- Forty-Nine Monitoring Pigment Pattern Morphs of Northern Leopard Frogs
- Fifty The National Amphibian Conservation Center
- Fifty-One <i>A Thousand Friends of Frogs:</i> Its Origins
- Fifty-Two Of Men and Deformed Frogs: A Journalist’s Lament
- Introduction
- Anura
- Caudata
- EPILOGUE: Factors Implicated in Amphibian Population Declines in the United States
- Conclusion
- Literature Cited
- Index
Lessons from Europe
Lessons from Europe
- Chapter:
- (p.64) Twelve Lessons from Europe
- Source:
- Amphibian Declines
- Author(s):
K. Henle
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
Amphibians and reptiles are coming to be regarded in Europe as indicator groups for a general decline in species diversity. The decline of these groups has been well documented in Europe and on other continents as a result of numerous population surveys. A scientifically based analysis of causal relations is essential to effective conservation efforts since it leads to the prediction of appropriate countermeasures. The most important type of database for the documentation of the declines of amphibians and reptiles and their potential causes results from regular surveys of a specific geographic area. This chapter describes the available methods of causal analysis, as well as their limitations, by applying the methods in the analysis of a long-term surveying project for amphibian population declines. It also presents remarks on the optimization of surveying projects that will facilitate subsequent causal analyses. In addition, it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of three experimental approaches for evaluating causal relations in ecology: laboratory experiments, field experiments, and unplanned or natural experiments.
Keywords: Europe, amphibians, reptiles, conservation, population declines, causal relations, laboratory experiments, field experiments, natural experiments, population surveys
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- Title Pages
- Dedication
- Acknowledgments
- Advisory Board
- Contributors
- Preface
- One Diverse Phenomena Influencing Amphibian Population Declines
- Two Why Are Some Species in Decline but Others Not?
- Three Philosophy, Value Judgments, and Declining Amphibians
- Four Embracing Human Diversity in Conservation
- Five Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force
- Six Meeting the Challenge of Amphibian Declines with an Interdisciplinary Research Program
- Seven Biology of Amphibian Declines
- Eight Declines of Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (<i>Plethodon</i>)
- Nine Decline of Northern Cricket Frogs (<i>Acris crepitans</i>)
- Ten Overwintering in Northern Cricket Frogs (<i>Acris crepitans</i>)
- Eleven Repercussions of Global Change
- Twelve Lessons from Europe
- Thirteen Risk Factors and Declines in Northern Cricket Frogs (<i>Acris crepitans</i>)
- Fourteen Ultraviolet Radiation
- Fifteen Xenobiotics
- Sixteen Variation in Pesticide Tolerance
- Seventeen Lucké Renal Adenocarcinoma
- Eighteen Malformed Frogs in Minnesota: History and Interspecific Differences
- Nineteen Parasites of North American Frogs
- Twenty Parasite Infection and Limb Malformations: A Growing Problem in Amphibian Conservation
- Twenty-One Pine Silviculture
- Twenty-Two Commercial Trade
- Twenty-Three Houston Toads and Texas Politics
- Twenty-Four Amphibian Conservation Needs
- Twenty-Five Amphibian Population Cycles and Long-Term Data Sets
- Twenty-Six Landscape Ecology
- Twenty-Seven Conservation of Texas Spring and Cave Salamanders (<i>Eurycea</i>)
- Twenty-Eight Lessons from the Tropics
- Twenty-Nine Taxonomy and Amphibian Declines
- Thirty Conservation Systematics: The <i>Bufo boreas</i> Species Group
- Thirty-One Factors Limiting the Recovery of Boreal Toads (<i>Bufo b. boreas</i>)
- Thirty-Two Southwestern Desert Bufonids
- Thirty-Three Amphibian Ecotoxicology
- Thirty-Four Museum Collections
- Thirty-Five Critical Areas
- Thirty-Six Creating Habitat Reserves for Migratory Salamanders
- Thirty-Seven Population Manipulations
- Thirty-Eight Exotic Species
- Thirty-Nine Protecting Amphibians While Restoring Fish Populations
- Forty Reflections Upon Amphibian Conservation
- Forty-One Distribution of South Dakota Anurans
- Forty-Two Nebraska’s Declining Amphibians
- Forty-Three Museum Collections Can Assess Population Trends
- Forty-Four Monitoring Salamander Populations in Great Smoky Mountains National Park
- Forty-Five North American Amphibian Monitoring Program (NAAMP)
- Forty-Six Evaluating Calling Surveys
- Forty-Seven Geographical Information Systems and Survey Designs
- Forty-Eight Impacts of Forest Management on Amphibians
- Forty-Nine Monitoring Pigment Pattern Morphs of Northern Leopard Frogs
- Fifty The National Amphibian Conservation Center
- Fifty-One <i>A Thousand Friends of Frogs:</i> Its Origins
- Fifty-Two Of Men and Deformed Frogs: A Journalist’s Lament
- Introduction
- Anura
- Caudata
- EPILOGUE: Factors Implicated in Amphibian Population Declines in the United States
- Conclusion
- Literature Cited
- Index
