- Title Pages
- Dedication
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- One Tectonics and Geomorphology of Africa during the Phanerozoic
- Two Chronology of Paleogene Mammal Localities
- Three Chronology of Neogene Mammal Localities
- Four Global and African Regional Climate during the Cenozoic
- Five A Review of the Cenozoic Vegetation History of Africa
- Six Marsupialia
- Seven Ptolemaiida
- Eight Macroscelidea
- Nine Tenrecoidea
- Ten Tubulidentata
- Eleven Bibymalagasia (Mammalia <i>Incertae Sedis</i>)
- Twelve Embrithopoda
- Thirteen Hyracoidea
- Fourteen Sirenia
- Fifteen Proboscidea
- Sixteen Paleogene “Insectivores”
- Seventeen Rodentia
- Eighteen Lagomorpha
- Nineteen Paleogene Prosimians
- Twenty Later Tertiary Lorisiformes
- Twenty-One Subfossil Lemurs of Madagascar
- Twenty-Two Paleogene Anthropoids
- Twenty-Three Cercopithecoidea
- Twenty-Four Dendropithecoidea, Proconsuloidea, and Hominoidea
- Twenty-Five Hominini
- Twenty-Six Creodonta
- Twenty-Seven Prionogalidae (Mammalia <i>Incertae Sedis</i>)
- Twenty-Eight Primitive Ungulates (“Condylarthra” and Stem Paenungulata)
- Twenty-Nine Neogene Insectivora
- Thirty Chiroptera
- Thirty-One Pholidota
- Thirty-Two Carnivora
- Thirty-Three Chalicotheriidae
- Thirty-Four Rhinocerotidae
- Thirty-Five Equidae
- Thirty-Six Tragulidae
- Thirty-Seven Pecora Incertae Sedis
- Thirty-Eight Bovidae
- Thirty-Nine Giraffoidea
- Forty Cervidae
- Forty-One Camelidae
- Forty-Two Suoidea
- Forty-Three Anthracotheriidae
- Forty-Four Hippopotamidae
- Forty-Five Cetacea
- Forty-Six Systematics of Endemic African Mammals
- Forty-Seven Mammal Species Richness in Africa
- Forty-Eight Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in East African Mammals: Modern and Fossil
- Index
Embrithopoda
Embrithopoda
- Chapter:
- (p.115) Twelve Embrithopoda
- Source:
- Cenozoic Mammals of Africa
- Author(s):
William J. Sanders
D. Tab Rasmussen
John Kappelman
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
Embrithopoda is represented in the Afro-Arabian fossil record by Arsinoitherium and Namatherium. Physically impressive, Arsinoitherium superficially resembled extant rhinos in the ornamentation of its cranium by massive, protuberant horns, and by the great magnitude of its skeletal frame. Arsinoitheres were endemic to Afro-Arabia during the middle Eocene through late Oligocene and are best known from the Fayum, Egypt. The last known occurrence of embrithopods was at Lothidok, Kenya, of latest Oligocene age. Conflicting ideas about embrithopod relationships have been addressed by recent morphologic and phylogenetic analyses. These studies reaffirm Simpson's (1945) earlier classification of arsinoitheres (and, by extension, Embrithopoda) in Paenungulata, with proboscideans, sirenians, desmostylians, and hyraxes. Nonetheless, debate continues about whether arsinoitheres are more closely related to proboscideans, sirenians, or are a more distant sister taxon to tethytheres. Molecular analyses of extant taxa suggest that paenungulates belong with elephant shrews, African insectivorans, and aardvarks in the clade Afrotheria, whose modern biogeography is largely African. This chapter describes the systematic paleontology of Embrithopoda.
Keywords: Embrithopoda, paleontology, Arsinoitherium, Namatherium, rhinos, arsinoitheres, Eocene, Oligocene, Egypt, Paenungulata
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- Title Pages
- Dedication
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- One Tectonics and Geomorphology of Africa during the Phanerozoic
- Two Chronology of Paleogene Mammal Localities
- Three Chronology of Neogene Mammal Localities
- Four Global and African Regional Climate during the Cenozoic
- Five A Review of the Cenozoic Vegetation History of Africa
- Six Marsupialia
- Seven Ptolemaiida
- Eight Macroscelidea
- Nine Tenrecoidea
- Ten Tubulidentata
- Eleven Bibymalagasia (Mammalia <i>Incertae Sedis</i>)
- Twelve Embrithopoda
- Thirteen Hyracoidea
- Fourteen Sirenia
- Fifteen Proboscidea
- Sixteen Paleogene “Insectivores”
- Seventeen Rodentia
- Eighteen Lagomorpha
- Nineteen Paleogene Prosimians
- Twenty Later Tertiary Lorisiformes
- Twenty-One Subfossil Lemurs of Madagascar
- Twenty-Two Paleogene Anthropoids
- Twenty-Three Cercopithecoidea
- Twenty-Four Dendropithecoidea, Proconsuloidea, and Hominoidea
- Twenty-Five Hominini
- Twenty-Six Creodonta
- Twenty-Seven Prionogalidae (Mammalia <i>Incertae Sedis</i>)
- Twenty-Eight Primitive Ungulates (“Condylarthra” and Stem Paenungulata)
- Twenty-Nine Neogene Insectivora
- Thirty Chiroptera
- Thirty-One Pholidota
- Thirty-Two Carnivora
- Thirty-Three Chalicotheriidae
- Thirty-Four Rhinocerotidae
- Thirty-Five Equidae
- Thirty-Six Tragulidae
- Thirty-Seven Pecora Incertae Sedis
- Thirty-Eight Bovidae
- Thirty-Nine Giraffoidea
- Forty Cervidae
- Forty-One Camelidae
- Forty-Two Suoidea
- Forty-Three Anthracotheriidae
- Forty-Four Hippopotamidae
- Forty-Five Cetacea
- Forty-Six Systematics of Endemic African Mammals
- Forty-Seven Mammal Species Richness in Africa
- Forty-Eight Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes in East African Mammals: Modern and Fossil
- Index
