Show Summary Details
- Title Pages
- [UNTITLED]
- Dedication
- [UNTITLED]
- Preface
-
1 Life = Body Plus X -
2 Medicine, or Novelty Appeal -
3 Why Laws of Nature? -
4 Longing for Order -
5 Ethics and Legality -
6 Why Here? Why Now? -
7 Thales' Trite Observation -
8 Polis, Law, and Self-determination -
9 The Individual and the Whole -
10 Nonmedical Healing -
11 Mawangdui: Early Healing in China -
12 Humans Are Biologically Identical across Cultures. So Why Not Medicine? -
13 The Yellow Thearch's Body Image -
14 The Birth of Chinese Medicine -
15 The Division of the Elite -
16 A View to the Visible, and Opinions on the Invisible -
17 State Concept and Body Image -
18 Farewell to Demons and Spirits -
19 New Pathogens, and Morality -
20 Medicine without Pharmaceutics -
21 Pharmaceutics without Medicine -
22 Puzzling Parallels -
23 The Beginning of Medicine in Greece -
24 The End of Monarchy -
25 Troublemakers and Ostracism -
26 I See Something You Don't See -
27 Powers of Self-healing: Self-evident? -
28 Confucians' Fear of Chaos -
29 Medicine: Expression of the General State of Mind -
30 Dynamic Ideas and Faded Model Images -
31 The Hour of the Dissectors -
32 Manifold Experiences of the World -
33 Greek Medicine and Roman Incomprehension -
34 Illness as Stasis -
35 Head and Limbs -
36 The Rediscovery of Wholeness -
37 To Move the Body to a Statement -
38 Galen of Pergamon: Collector in All Worlds -
39 Europe's Ancient Pharmacology -
40 The Wheel of Progress Turns No More -
41 Constancy and Discontinuity of Structures -
42 Arabian Interlude -
43 The Tang Era: Cultural Diversity, Conceptual Vacuum -
44 Changes in the Song Era -
45 The Authority of Distant Antiquity -
46 Zhang Ji's Belated Honors -
47 Chinese Pharmacology -
48 The Diagnosis Game -
49 The Physician as the Pharmacist's Employee -
50 Relighting the Torch of European Antiquity -
51 The Primacy of the Practical -
52 The Variety of Therapeutics -
53 Which Model Image for a New Medicine? -
54 The Real Heritage of Antiquity -
55 Galenism as Trade in Antiques -
56 Integration and Reductionism in the Song Dynasty -
57 The New Freedom to Expand Knowledge -
58 Healing the State, Healing the Organism -
59 Trapped in the Cage of Tradition -
60 Xu Dachun, Giovanni Morgagni, and Intra-abdominal Abscesses -
61 Acupuncturists, Barbers, and Masseurs -
62 No Scientific Revolution in Medicine -
63 The Discovery of New Worlds -
64 Paracelsus: A Tumultuous Mind with an Overview -
65 Durable and Fragile Cage Bars -
66 The Most Beautiful Antiques and the Most Modern Images in One Room -
67 Harvey and the Magna Carta -
68 A Cartesian Case for Circulation -
69 Long Live the Periphery! -
70 Out of the Waiting Shelter, into the Jail Cell -
71 Sensations That Pull into the Lower Parts of the Body -
72 Homeopathy Is Not Medicine -
73 “God with Us” on the Belt Buckle -
74 Medicine Independent of Theology -
75 Virchow: The Man of Death as the Interpreter of Life -
76 Robert Koch: Pure Science? -
77 Wash Your Hands, Keep the Germs Away -
78 AIDS: The Disease That Fits -
79 China in the Nineteenth Century: A New Cage Opens Up -
80 Two Basic Ideas of Medicine -
81 Value-free Biology and Cultural Interpretation -
82 A Transit Visa and a Promise -
83 Scorn, Mockery, and Invectives for Chinese Medicine -
84 Traditional Medicine in the PRC: Faith in Science -
85 The Arabs of the Twentieth Century, or Crowding in the Playpen -
86 When the Light Comes from Behind -
87 In the Beginning Was the Word -
88 Out of Touch with Nature -
89 Theology without Theos -
90 Everything Will Be Fine -
91 Left Alone in the Computer Tomograph -
92 Healing and the Energy Crisis -
93 TCM: Western Fears, Chinese Set Pieces -
94 Harmony, Not War -
95 The Loss of the Center -
96 Contented Customers in a Supermarket of Possibilities -
97 The More Things Change -
98 One World, or Tinkering with Building Blocks -
99 A Vision of Unity over All Diversity - Afterword
- Index
Wash Your Hands, Keep the Germs Away
Wash Your Hands, Keep the Germs Away
- Chapter:
- 77 Wash Your Hands, Keep the Germs Away
- Source:
- What Is Medicine?
- Author(s):
Paul U. Unschuld
- Publisher:
- University of California Press
DOI:10.1525/california/9780520257658.003.0077
This chapter examines the views of experts from the nineteenth century on the reasons that lead to the sickness of an individual. Some believed that pathogens were responsible for sickness. Others said that pathogens could invade the body only if a door had been opened beforehand. Robert Koch believed the defense strategy involved washing hands and keeping germs away. The chapter also focuses on the new cleanliness of society. Every individual was responsible for his own morality. The sick person was doubly victimized by the system. First, the environment made someone ill and second, the body's defense system has failed. The environment might have caused so much stress that made a person sick. Sometimes an individual's carelessness openly invites the pathogen. But there are not always a great number of pathogens or self-culpability. The new plausibility diverted responsibility from the lone individual to the system.
Keywords: sickness, pathogens, defense strategy, society, environment
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- Title Pages
- [UNTITLED]
- Dedication
- [UNTITLED]
- Preface
-
1 Life = Body Plus X -
2 Medicine, or Novelty Appeal -
3 Why Laws of Nature? -
4 Longing for Order -
5 Ethics and Legality -
6 Why Here? Why Now? -
7 Thales' Trite Observation -
8 Polis, Law, and Self-determination -
9 The Individual and the Whole -
10 Nonmedical Healing -
11 Mawangdui: Early Healing in China -
12 Humans Are Biologically Identical across Cultures. So Why Not Medicine? -
13 The Yellow Thearch's Body Image -
14 The Birth of Chinese Medicine -
15 The Division of the Elite -
16 A View to the Visible, and Opinions on the Invisible -
17 State Concept and Body Image -
18 Farewell to Demons and Spirits -
19 New Pathogens, and Morality -
20 Medicine without Pharmaceutics -
21 Pharmaceutics without Medicine -
22 Puzzling Parallels -
23 The Beginning of Medicine in Greece -
24 The End of Monarchy -
25 Troublemakers and Ostracism -
26 I See Something You Don't See -
27 Powers of Self-healing: Self-evident? -
28 Confucians' Fear of Chaos -
29 Medicine: Expression of the General State of Mind -
30 Dynamic Ideas and Faded Model Images -
31 The Hour of the Dissectors -
32 Manifold Experiences of the World -
33 Greek Medicine and Roman Incomprehension -
34 Illness as Stasis -
35 Head and Limbs -
36 The Rediscovery of Wholeness -
37 To Move the Body to a Statement -
38 Galen of Pergamon: Collector in All Worlds -
39 Europe's Ancient Pharmacology -
40 The Wheel of Progress Turns No More -
41 Constancy and Discontinuity of Structures -
42 Arabian Interlude -
43 The Tang Era: Cultural Diversity, Conceptual Vacuum -
44 Changes in the Song Era -
45 The Authority of Distant Antiquity -
46 Zhang Ji's Belated Honors -
47 Chinese Pharmacology -
48 The Diagnosis Game -
49 The Physician as the Pharmacist's Employee -
50 Relighting the Torch of European Antiquity -
51 The Primacy of the Practical -
52 The Variety of Therapeutics -
53 Which Model Image for a New Medicine? -
54 The Real Heritage of Antiquity -
55 Galenism as Trade in Antiques -
56 Integration and Reductionism in the Song Dynasty -
57 The New Freedom to Expand Knowledge -
58 Healing the State, Healing the Organism -
59 Trapped in the Cage of Tradition -
60 Xu Dachun, Giovanni Morgagni, and Intra-abdominal Abscesses -
61 Acupuncturists, Barbers, and Masseurs -
62 No Scientific Revolution in Medicine -
63 The Discovery of New Worlds -
64 Paracelsus: A Tumultuous Mind with an Overview -
65 Durable and Fragile Cage Bars -
66 The Most Beautiful Antiques and the Most Modern Images in One Room -
67 Harvey and the Magna Carta -
68 A Cartesian Case for Circulation -
69 Long Live the Periphery! -
70 Out of the Waiting Shelter, into the Jail Cell -
71 Sensations That Pull into the Lower Parts of the Body -
72 Homeopathy Is Not Medicine -
73 “God with Us” on the Belt Buckle -
74 Medicine Independent of Theology -
75 Virchow: The Man of Death as the Interpreter of Life -
76 Robert Koch: Pure Science? -
77 Wash Your Hands, Keep the Germs Away -
78 AIDS: The Disease That Fits -
79 China in the Nineteenth Century: A New Cage Opens Up -
80 Two Basic Ideas of Medicine -
81 Value-free Biology and Cultural Interpretation -
82 A Transit Visa and a Promise -
83 Scorn, Mockery, and Invectives for Chinese Medicine -
84 Traditional Medicine in the PRC: Faith in Science -
85 The Arabs of the Twentieth Century, or Crowding in the Playpen -
86 When the Light Comes from Behind -
87 In the Beginning Was the Word -
88 Out of Touch with Nature -
89 Theology without Theos -
90 Everything Will Be Fine -
91 Left Alone in the Computer Tomograph -
92 Healing and the Energy Crisis -
93 TCM: Western Fears, Chinese Set Pieces -
94 Harmony, Not War -
95 The Loss of the Center -
96 Contented Customers in a Supermarket of Possibilities -
97 The More Things Change -
98 One World, or Tinkering with Building Blocks -
99 A Vision of Unity over All Diversity - Afterword
- Index
