The conclusion summarizes the argument made in the book, provides an update on current research initiatives focused on gene-environment interaction (e.g., epigenetics, exposomics, and Environmental Wide Association Studies [EWAS]), and then returns to questions about how to understand the structural vulnerabilities of scientific fields that are located in politically contentious arenas. It elaborates the need for alternative strategies to address the ongoing structural vulnerabilities of the environmental health sciences-approaches that go beyond the consensus critique. It concludesby suggesting directions for future research and opportunities for new forms of public discourse about the multiple determinants of population health.